Krízový manažment - Ročník 24.; Číslo 2/2025

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://drepo.uniza.sk/handle/hdluniza/1366

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Assessing water consumption and wastewater quality in undergraduate chemistry and pharmacy laboratories: implications for sustainable water resource management and occupational health and safety
(University of Žilina, 2025) Bani, Siphumze; Tandlich, Roman
Academic institutions play a crucial role in fostering skills development, advancing environmental sustainability, and addressing global socio-economic challenges, including those outlined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A key factor ensuring the effective functioning of universities is the consistent availability and reliable access to clean water. This is especially critical in the face of increasing climate variability. In particular, droughts, which are caused by climate change, pose a significant threat to institutional resilience, operations, and academic continuity. This study focused on quantifying water usage and wastewater generation during Chemistry and Pharmacy undergraduate practical sessions conducted over four weeks. Among the sessions analysed, the highest average consumption of distilled water occurred in Pharmaceutics 4, amounting to 96.50 ± 1.60 L. While Pharmaceutical Chemistry 3 generated the highest average volume of wastewater at 128.70 ± 3.05 L. The most heavily polluted wastewater was recorded in Pharmaceutics 3. The observed average values for key contamination indicators were Total Bacteria of 3.75×10⁴ ± 1.07×10⁴ CFU/100 mL, Chemical Oxygen Demand of 6050.00 ± 450.92 mg/L, Electrical Conductivity of 0.77 ± 0.43 mS/cm, pH of 8.20 ± 0.29, Surface Tension of 39.75 ± 2.99 mN/m, Total Suspended Solids of 273.00 ± 47.81 mg/L, and Turbidity of 263.50 ± 54.71 NTU. The continuation of this research is essential. It will enhance the understanding of water-related risks in academic institutions and contribute significantly to disaster risk management, resource planning, and promoting environmentally sustainable practices in higher education.
Bezpečnostní kultura organizace jako nástroj fyzické bezpečnosti
(University of Žilina, 2025) Kotek, Lukáš; Mičulková, Tereza; Král, Pavel
This article examines the development of a safety culture within an organization, with the aim of applying it to more effective safety education, which subsequently serves as a key safety measure. The article introduces the authors’ new concept of the pillars of physical security and the philosophy of the security system as an interconnected security ecosystem. It also outlines important areas of safety education that play a crucial role in managing security incidents and explains the core principles of a safety culture. Finally, using an example of implementation in a selected organization, it illustrates possible approaches to building such a culture and presents specific steps and elements that we used to cultivate it.
Bezpečnostní opatření ve zdravotnických zařízeních: analýza a doporučení
(University of Žilina, 2025) Kosáčková, Jitka; Havránková, Renata
This article addresses security measures in healthcare facilities, focusing on hospitals as soft targets exposed to increasing threats. The aim is to analyse current protection systems and propose measures to enhance resilience. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods, the research included analysis of legislation, technical standards, internal guidelines, and a comparison of security practices in selected Czech hospitals. The outcome is the MOBIZ methodology, which emphasises clear responsibilities, continuous staff training, and the involvement of all organizational levels. Pilot testing confirmed its applicability and demonstrated that an integrated approach combining technical, organisational, and human factors effectively reduces risks and strengthens resilience in healthcare facilities.
Comparison of mathematical models of regression analysis on youth crime and delinquency
(University of Žilina, 2025) Hubočan, Samuel; Šoltés, Viktor
This paper presents a comparative analysis of regression models applied to juvenile crime and minors’ delinquency in the Slovak Republic. The aim of the research is to identify the most appropriate mathematical model for predicting the future development of juvenile crime and minors’ delinquency, based on official statistical data from the Ministry of the Interior of the Slovak Republic for the period 2010–2024. The research analyses linear, exponential, logarithmic, polynomial, and power regression models, and evaluates their reliability using the coefficient of determination (R²). The results show that the logarithmic model is the most suitable for the state and rate of minors’ delinquency (R² = 0.8526; R² = 0.8819), while the polynomial model (R² = 0.981; R² = 0.968) proved to be the most reliable for the state and rate of juvenile crime. An analysis of demographic trends and the crime index reveal a downward trend in both groups, with the prediction models indicating a continuation of this trend. The research provides important information for the development of preventive strategies and policies aimed at reducing youth crime. The research also highlights the fact that, although crime and delinquency show a declining tendency, schools are increasingly facing the emergence of violent socio-pathological phenomena. The findings of this study can serve as a starting dataset for future research on direct criminogenic factors.
Cost-benefit analysis as a tool to strengthen organisational cyber resilience
(University of Žilina, 2025) Kampová, Katarína; Madleňák, Matúš; Mačuha, Timotej; Hromada, Martin; Hubočan, Samuel
Organisations face a wide range of cyber threats with significant operational, financial and reputational impacts. Strengthening resilience therefore requires not only technical and organisational measures, but also clear economic justification. Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA) is a well-established method that compares the costs of security measures with their benefits, such as reducing the likelihood of incidents, limiting their impact or shortening recovery times. In line with NIS2 and ISO/IEC 27001:2022 and ISO/IEC 27005:2023, CBA supports proportionate, risk-based and cost-effective security. This paper outlines the methodology, its role in decision-making, and a practical example of its application in enhancing cyber resilience and trust.
Dodávateľský reťazec a kybernetická bezpečnosť
(University of Žilina, 2025) Sokolová, Ľubomíra; Madleňák, Matúš; Mačuha, Timotej
The NIS2 Directive is an updated version of the original 2016 NIS Directive and aims to strengthen the protection and security of the EU’s cyberspace. Unlike the first directive, NIS2 focuses on the cybersecurity and resilience of key entities and entire sectors in the face of modern threats. EU Member States are required to transpose it into their national legal systems. In Slovakia, the requirements of NIS2 were implemented through an amendment to the Act on Cybersecurity. The amendment, prepared by the National Security Authority, entered into force on January 1, 2025. It modifies and supplements the original Act No. 69/2018 Coll. and introduces several fundamental changes. One of the key elements is the enhancement of supply chain security. This protection is ensured primarily through contractual mechanisms based on the Act and on Decree No. 227/2025 of the National Security Authority. Contractual obligations must also reflect the requirements of the GDPR. The article focuses mainly on contractual protection within supply chains and its alignment with GDPR requirements.
Fire protection of wood based on multicomponent mixtures of substances
(University of Žilina, 2025) Hryhor, Oleh; Maladyka, Ihor; Nesen, Ivan; Rotte, Serhii
The article presents the results of scientific research aimed at determining and improving the fire-protective properties of powdered substances and their impregnating solutions for the fire protection of wooden products, building materials and structures. A research methodology is proposed for the development of effective fire-extinguishing and fire-retardant agents for wood, based on three-component mixtures in which one of the components is a nitrogen-containing compound. Experimental findings show that a three-component mixture consisting of monoammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate and carbamide, in appropriate proportions, provides highly effective fire protection for wood. In addition, a composition in the form of an epoxy polymer was developed, containing a mixture of ammonium phosphate and urea-formaldehyde resin, intended for use as a surface fire-retardant coating for wood.
Fyzické útoky na peňažné automaty: typológia a trendy
(University of Žilina, 2025) Lencsés, Lukáš; Figuli, Lucia
This article examines the growing problem of physical attacks on cash ATMs, defining the security features of these devices, classifying attack typologies, and evaluating statistical trends for the European Union and Slovakia using publicly available reports. Findings indicate a marked increase in physical ATM attacks between 2020 and 2024 (from 3,722 to 5,953 incidents) and the predominance of explosive methods, with most events occurring at night or in the early morning. The analysis shows that material losses peaked early in the period and subsequently declined, with only modest fluctuations thereafter. The article concludes with a recommendation to reassess and expand the testing standards of EN 1143-1 due to the vulnerability of ATMs to bomb attacks.
Krízový manažment - celé číslo 2/2025
(University of Žilina, 2025)
Metódy záchrany osôb pomocou lezeckej techniky v opustených baniach príslušníkmi HAZZ
(University of Žilina, 2025) Plavčko, Marek; Betušová, Ivanna; Betuš, Miroslav
This paper addresses the rescue of persons from abandoned underground mines using rope techniques employed by members of the Fire and Rescue Corps of the Slovak Republic. Abandoned mine workings pose a significant safety risk, particularly due to their deteriorated technical condition, unstable geological environment, and the frequent presence of unauthorized individuals. The aim of the research was to test and evaluate selected rescue methods directly in the environment of the former Bankov magnesite mine near Košice. Several experimental rescue exercises were conducted, during which various rope techniques were applied under real conditions. The evaluation criteria included evacuation time, the amount of equipment required, the level of technical difficulty, and overall safety for both rescuers and rescued persons. The results showed that some techniques are better suited for inclined or vertical mine passages, while others are more effective in horizontal workings. Based on these findings, recommendations were formulated for the practical application of the most effective methods by Fire and Rescue Corps units. The study contributes to increasing preparedness and operational efficiency in underground rescue situations, where time is a critical factor in saving human lives.
Použití armády České republiky při řešení krizových situací nevojenského charakteru na území státu
(University of Žilina, 2025) Kalenda, Jiří; Barta, Jiří
The article clarifies the place and role of the armed forces within the security system of the Czech Republic. It is based on the current legal framework and outlines the legislation governing the deployment of the Army of the Czech Republic. It provides examples of the army’s use within the state territory, both in ensuring internal security and in assisting the population during natural disasters and industrial accidents. It also addresses the issue of how the forces and resources of the Army of the Czech Republic are requested and employed within the Integrated Rescue System. The article further raises questions concerning the state’s possibilities and capabilities in today’s rapidly evolving security environment.
Predstavenie projektu apvv-24-0153: vytvorenie dátového modelu a jeho implementácia do geografických informačných systémov na zvýšenie pripravenosti verejnej správy zvládať mimoriadne udalosti
(University of Žilina, 2025) Kubás, Jozef
A crisis management system is employed to ensure the protection of property, health, and lives. The required level of safety can be achieved through measures that prevent emergency events. If an emergency event occurs, the system should be prepared and apply appropriate procedures to address it. Subsequently, it must be capable of mitigating its negative impacts. To ensure the protection of the population, the first step is to assess the risks affecting individual elements and the monitored area. Therefore, it is essential to have relevant data and information about the area and to use them effectively. The project focuses on analysing the information needs of crisis management in the field of territorial risk assessment and their further usability within the data model. It enables the implementation of data management, which focuses on creating a data model and integrating it into geographic information systems to enhance the preparedness of public administration authorities. Such a data model within geographic information systems allows for the proper assessment of the negative impact of an emergency event on the affected area and the options for effective resolution.
Protection of enclosed university facilities in the european union against cbrn threats: lessons learned from past incidents and preparedness strategies
(University of Žilina, 2025) Rajdl, Josef; Sabol, Jozef
The paper examines the protection of enclosed university facilities in the European Union against chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) threats. It analyses key incidents, such as the 2001 explosion at the AZF factory in Toulouse, the 2018 Novichok poisonings, and the 2018 ricin attack in Cologne. It explores current preparedness measures, including training initiatives and infrastructural improvements inspired by these events. The 2023 shooting at the Faculty of Arts of Charles University in Prague serves as a case study, highlighting the need for rapid response, effective communication and psychological support. The paper also proposes specific measures to enhance the security of universities and other higher education institutions. These measures include, among others, detection systems, entry control systems and cooperation with local authorities and agencies, aiming to minimise the risks posed by both CBRN and conventional threats.
Rozvoj transverzálnych zručností študentov krízového manažmentu pomocou prístupu ESP
(University of Žilina, 2025) Smolková, Katarína
As crisis management evolves into a more interdisciplinary and high-stakes profession, English for Specific Purposes (ESP) training must adapt with innovative strategies that extend beyond linguistic accuracy. This paper analyses the incorporation of soft skills training into English for Specific Purposes education for students prepared for professions in crisis management. Emphasizing the growing demand for communication, teamwork, critical thinking, and leadership abilities, the study draws on graduate profile descriptors from a selected university faculty and data from the National System of Occupations to identify key competencies required by the labour market. The paper outlines language learning activities designed to foster these soft skills within the ESP classroom and highlights the importance of aligning language instruction with real-world professional expectations. A student questionnaire is introduced as a self-assessment tool, providing insights into learners' awareness and perceived proficiency in specific soft skills. The findings endorse a redefined ESP model that actively facilitates the comprehensive development of future crisis managers.
Špecifiká záchranných prác pri zdolávaní nežiadúcej udalosti v železničnej doprave
(University of Žilina, 2025) Kapusniak, Jaroslav
The article deals with the specifics of rescue operations in response to an undesirable event caused by a railway accident. Coordination and cooperation between the basic components of the Integrated Rescue System (hereinafter “IRS”) during such an event are essential for effectively resolving the situation and providing the necessary assistance. The rapid and effective actions taken by IRS components in the first minutes after the occurrence of an undesirable event—especially one involving mass casualties—can have a significant impact on the outcome of the intervention. Each basic and supporting component of the IRS has its own specific tasks; however, it is crucial that they are well coordinated and maintain effective communication at the intervention site. The conclusion of the article focuses on the evaluation of current practices and offers proposals for improving cooperation and coordination among the components of the Integrated Rescue System when dealing with undesirable events.
Systém bezpečnostního vzdělávání s využitím moderních trendů
(University of Žilina, 2025) Mičulková, Tereza; Kotek, Lukáš
The article highlights the importance of education in physical security, based on the premise that security begins with each individual. In the event of a security incident, professional assistance is not immediately available, leaving individuals to rely solely on themselves. They must depend on their own preparedness, which includes specific knowledge and skills. In this way, their personal readiness is strengthened while also contributing to a safer overall environment. The aim is to design an effective educational system that, through a well-structured approach, can motivate individuals to actively engage with this issue. However, education itself may present a number of challenges, which can be addressed by drawing on modern trends. The article also discusses the advantages of applying artificial intelligence in the development of educational materials.
The major challenges facing slovak road and railways infrastructure: current conditions, administration and priorities
(University of Žilina, 2025) Miške, Michal; Figuli, Lucia
The aim of the paper is to assess the current condition of bridges in Slovakia with an emphasis on two key determinants: the ownership and administration of structures and their structural health condition. The study combines official data from the Road Database of the Slovak Road Administration (SSC), available information from the Slovak Railways (ŽSR), findings of the Supreme Audit Office of the Slovak Republic (NKÚ SR), and analytical outputs of the Value for Money Division (UHP). The paper presents an analysis of data related to ownership, administration, categories of current health condition, and accompanying documentation, providing a transparent overview of where the highest risks are concentrated. These infrastructures were identified for the purposes of the REMAKE 3D project. As part of this project, several activities were undertaken to collect information and data; however, such information is often inaccessible or does not exist. The paper includes details about bridge ownership based on a comparison of owner databases, a BIM model of bridge M7441, and an example of image processing for defect detection. The conclusion and discussion section outlines proposals for future research.
Vietnamese organised crime in the Czech republic: identification of current threats and risk assessment
(University of Žilina, 2025) Martine, Luboš
The issue of Vietnamese organised crime represents a current, adaptive, and challenging security threat in the Czech context. Based on a review of scholarly literature and employing analytical–synthetic and descriptive methods, this paper briefly examines the Vietnamese ethnic group within the structures of organised crime in the Czech Republic. It offers a working definition of Vietnamese organised crime and, in its core section, presents the results of an expert investigation. This investigation focused on identifying current security threats posed by Vietnamese organised crime in the Czech Republic and assessing their associated risks. The findings indicate that Vietnamese organised crime is primarily oriented towards economic crime and drugrelated offences, with the highest-risk security threats falling within these areas. The paper also emphasises the need for continuous analysis, systematic identification of security threats, and ongoing risk assessment to support the development and implementation of appropriate preventive and repressive measures.
Vlastná ochrana ako cesta k zvyšovaniu bezpečnosti na univerzitách
(University of Žilina, 2025) Veľas, Andrej
The article focuses on the protection of university campuses as soft targets, with an emphasis on the possibilities of applying self-protection under Act No. 473/2005 Coll. on the Provision of Private Security Services. The first part analyses the Slovak legal framework that allows universities to establish their own security department with the powers of a private security service, including the use of physical security equipment and, with the employer’s consent, weapons. The second part provides an international comparison of university security models, with special attention given to campus police in the USA as fully fledged police forces, the British model of internal security services, and campus protection systems in other countries. The result is an analytical table summarising the legal regulations, powers, and requirements of the individual models. Based on this comparison, the article recommends a hybrid self-protection model for Slovak universities that would combine the advantages of an internal security service with close cooperation with state and municipal police. The aim of the article is to support discussion on enhancing security in the university environment and to contribute to the development of methodological procedures for the protection of soft targets in the education sector.
Využití úkolových karet v koordinačních plánech
(University of Žilina, 2025) Král, Pavel; Kotková, Dora
The article examines the use of task cards in the development of a coordination plan as an effective tool for accelerating and simplifying procedures in the event of security incidents. It is based on the premise that converting scenarios into a concise and graphical form significantly improves orientation within the plan and increases the overall clarity and efficiency of the established procedures. The aim is to present the essence of using task cards and to propose principles for their design, structure, and accessibility, including recommendations for regular training and exercises that continuously contribute to the gradual improvement of organisational preparedness and process efficiency.